在深季节冻土区,涵洞的存在使其基础的冻结深度大于天然场地冻结深度,前者约为后者的2倍,工程中一般将铺设隔热层作为解决方法。本文通过等效厚度换算法比较现阶段3种常用隔热材料的优缺点;以哈大高速铁路上的试验涵洞为原型,运用有限元分析方法,对深季节冻土区涵底有隔热层涵洞的温度场进行数值模拟;为检验隔热层效果,改变隔热层铺设的位置、方式和厚度,分别进行数值计算,了解各因素对涵底冻深的影响,得到适合涵洞基础的最佳隔热层铺设方案。结果表明:泡沫混凝土是涵底隔热层的理想材料,针对试验涵洞,应在基础最上端铺设厚度38cm、比基础宽10cm的泡沫混凝土作为隔热层,这样可以减少涵底最大冻结深度,满足寒区工程需要。

Dust deposition onto mountain snow cover in the Upper Colorado River Basin frequently occurs in the spring when wind speeds and dust emission peaks on the nearby Colorado Plateau. Dust loading has increased since the intensive settlement in the western USA in the mid 1880s. The effects of dust-on-snow have been well studied at Senator Beck Basin Study Area (SBBSA) in the San Juan Mountains, CO, the first high-altitude area of contact for predominantly southwesterly winds transporting dust from the southern Colorado Plateau. To capture variability in dust transport from the broader Colorado Plateau and dust deposition across a larger area of the Colorado River water sources, an additional study plot was established in 2009 on Grand Mesa, 150 km to the north of SBBSA in west central, CO. Here, we compare the 4-year (2010-2013) dust source, deposition, and radiative forcing records at Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP) and Swamp Angel Study Plot (SASP), SBBSA's subalpine study plot. The study plots have similar site elevations/environments and differ mainly in the amount of dust deposited and ensuing impacts. At SASP, end of year dust concentrations ranged from 0.83 mg g(-1) to 4.80 mg g(-1), and daily mean spring dust radiative forcing ranged from 50-65Wm(-2), advancing melt by 24-49 days. At GMSP, which received 1.0 mg g(-1) less dust per season on average, spring radiative forcings of 32-50Wm(-2) advanced melt by 15-30 days. Remote sensing imagery showed that observed dust events were frequently associated with dust emission from the southern Colorado Plateau. Dust from these sources generally passed south of GMSP, and back trajectory footprints modelled for observed dust events were commonly more westerly and northerly for GMSP relative to SASP. These factors suggest that although the southern Colorado Plateau contains important dust sources, dust contributions from other dust sources contribute to dust loading in this region, and likely account for the majority of dust loading at GMSP. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The fate of permafrost carbon upon thaw will drive feedbacks to climate warming. Here we consider the character and context of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in yedoma permafrost cores from up to 20m depth in central Alaska. We observed high DOC concentrations (4 to 129mM) and consistent low molecular weight organic acid concentrations in three cores. We estimate a DOC production rate of 12 mu molDOCm(-2)yr(-1) based on model ages of up to similar to 200kyr derived from uranium isotopes. Acetate C accounted for 241% of DOC in all samples. This proportion suggests long-term anaerobiosis and is likely to influence thaw outcomes due to biolability of acetate upon release in many environments. The combination of uranium isotopes, ammonium concentrations, and calcium concentrations explained 86% of the variation in thaw water DOC concentrations, suggesting that DOC production may be related to both reducing conditions and mineral dissolution over time.

为研究Q235钢在冻土区管线土壤腐蚀性,选取沼泽湿地和山坡林地土壤进行了试验对比,对两种土样进行了理化分析。采用电化学方法测定了Q235钢在两种土样中的阴极极化曲线及交流阻抗,比较了两者的腐蚀速率和极化电阻。结果表明:在同一温度下,Q235钢在沼泽湿地中的腐蚀性高于山坡林地土壤腐蚀性。随着温度上升,土壤腐蚀性呈增强的趋势。随着土壤含水量的增加,Q235钢在两种土壤样品中的电荷转移电阻逐渐升高。

Understanding the processes that influence the structure of biotic communities is one of the major ecological topics, and both stochastic and deterministic processes are expected to be at work simultaneously in most communities. Here, we investigated the vertical distribution patterns of bacterial communities in a 10-m-long soil core taken within permafrost of the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau. To get a better understanding of the forces that govern these patterns, we examined the diversity and structure of bacterial communities, and the change in community composition along the vertical distance (spatial turnover) from both taxonomic and phylogenetic perspectives. Measures of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity revealed that bacterial community composition changed continuously along the soil core, and showed a vertical distance-decay relationship. Multiple stepwise regression analysis suggested that bacterial alpha diversity and phylogenetic structure were strongly correlated with soil conductivity and pH but weakly correlated with depth. There was evidence that deterministic and stochastic processes collectively drived bacterial vertically-structured pattern. Bacterial communities in five soil horizons (two originated from the active layer and three from permafrost) of the permafrost core were phylogenetically random, indicator of stochastic processes. However, we found a stronger effect of deterministic processes related to soil pH, conductivity, and organic carbon content that were structuring the bacterial communities. We therefore conclude that the vertical distribution of bacterial communities was governed primarily by deterministic ecological selection, although stochastic processes were also at work. Furthermore, the strong impact of environmental conditions ( for example, soil physicochemical parameters and seasonal freeze-thaw cycles) on these communities underlines the sensitivity of permafrost microorganisms to climate change and potentially subsequent permafrost thaw.