This study assesses the stability of the Bei'an-Hei'he Highway (BHH), located near the southern limit of latitudinal permafrost in the Xiao Xing'anling Mountains, Northeast China, where permafrost degradation is intensifying under combined climatic and anthropogenic influences. Freeze-thaw-induced ground deformation and related periglacial hazards remain poorly quantified, limiting regional infrastructure resilience. We developed an integrated framework that fuses multi-source InSAR (ALOS, Sentinel-1, ALOS-2), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and theoretical modeling to characterize cumulative deformation, evaluate present stability, and project future dynamics. Results reveal long-term deformation rates from -35 to +40 mm/yr within a 1-km buffer on each side of the BHH, with seasonal amplitudes up to 11 mm. Sentinel-1, with its 12-day revisit cycle, demonstrated superior capability for monitoring the Xing'an permafrost. Deformation patterns were primarily controlled by air temperature, while precipitation and the topographic wetness index enhanced spatial heterogeneity through thermo-hydrological coupling. Wavelet analysis identified a 334-day deformation cycle, lagging climate forcing by similar to 107 days due to the insulating effects of peat. Early-warning analysis classified 4.99 % of the highway length as high-risk (subsidence 10.91 mm/yr). The InSAR-based landslide prediction model achieved high accuracy (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve, or AUC = 0.9486), validated through field surveys of subsidence, cracking, and slow-moving failures. The proposed 'past-present-future' framework demonstrates the potential of multi-sensor integration for permafrost monitoring and provides a transferable approach for assessing infrastructure stability in cold regions.

Ground subsidence resulting from underground coal mining poses significant challenges to urban safety, infrastructure stability, and environmental protection, particularly in regions extending beneath water bodies. This study investigates subsidence patterns in the Kozlu coal basin by integrating Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), numerical modelling, and machine learning techniques. The Kozlu coal basin, located in Zonguldak, Turkey, serves as a critical example, where extensive mining activities have led to complex deformation patterns. InSAR effectively captures terrestrial subsidence but is limited in underwater regions. Numerical modelling provides insights into geological behaviour but requires extensive input data. Machine learning, specifically Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), bridges this gap by predicting subsidence in unobservable underwater zones with high accuracy. The integrated approach reveals consistent deformation trends across terrestrial and marine environments, offering practical tools for risk mitigation and resource management. These findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary methods in addressing complex geological challenges and pave the way for future advancements in subsidence monitoring and prediction.

Reclaimed coastal areas are highly susceptible to uneven subsidence caused by the consolidation of soft marine deposits, which can induce differential settlement, structural deterioration, and systemic risks to urban infrastructure. Further, engineering activities, such as construction and loadings, exacerbate subsidence, impacting infrastructure stability. Therefore, monitoring the integrity and vulnerability of linear urban infrastructure after construction on reclaimed land is critical for understanding settlement dynamics, ensuring safe and reliable operation and minimizing cascading hazards. Subsequently, in the present study, to monitor deformation of the linear infrastructure constructed over decades-old reclaimed land in Mokpo city, South Korea (where 70% of urban and port infrastructure is built on reclaimed land), we analyzed 79 Sentinel-1A SLC ascending-orbit datasets (2017-2023) using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSInSAR) technique to quantify vertical land motion (VLM). Results reveal settlement rates ranging from -12.36 to 4.44 mm/year, with an average of -1.50 mm/year across 1869 persistent scatterers located along major roads and railways. To interpret the underlying causes of this deformation, Casagrande plasticity analysis of subsurface materials revealed that deep marine clays beneath the reclaimed zones have low permeability and high compressibility, leading to slow pore-pressure dissipation and prolonged consolidation under sustained loading. This geotechnical behavior accounts for the persistent and spatially variable subsidence observed through PSInSAR. Spatial pattern analysis using Anselin Local Moran's I further identified statistically significant clusters and outliers of VLM, delineating critical infrastructure segments where concentrated settlement poses heightened risks to transportation stability. A hyperbolic settlement model was also applied to anticipate nonlinear consolidation trends at vulnerable sites, predicting persistent subsidence through 2030. Proxy-based validation, integrating long-term groundwater variations, lithostratigraphy, effective shear-wave velocity (Vs30), and geomorphological conditions, exhibited the reliability of the InSAR-derived deformation fields. The findings highlight that Mokpo's decades-old reclamation fills remain geotechnically unstable, highlighting the urgent need for proactive monitoring, targeted soil improvement, structural reinforcement, and integrated InSAR-GNSS monitoring frameworks to ensure the structural integrity of road and railway infrastructure and to support sustainable urban development in reclaimed coastal cities worldwide.

Based on ascending and descending orbit SAR data from 2017-2025, this study analyzes the long time-series deformation monitoring and slip pattern of an active-layer detachment thaw slump, a typical active-layer detachment thaw slump in the permafrost zone of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, by using the small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) technique. In addition, a three-dimensional displacement deformation field was constructed with the help of ascending and descending orbit data fusion technology to reveal the transportation characteristics of the thaw slump. The results show that the thaw slump shows an overall trend of south to north movement, and that the cumulative surface deformation is mainly characterized by subsidence, with deformation ranging from -199.5 mm to 55.9 mm. The deformation shows significant spatial heterogeneity, with its magnitudes generally decreasing from the headwall area (southern part) towards the depositional toe (northern part). In addition, the multifactorial driving mechanism of the thaw slump was further explored by combining geological investigation and geotechnical tests. The analysis reveals that the thaw slump's evolution is primarily driven by temperature, with precipitation acting as a conditional co-factor, its influence being modulated by the slump's developmental stage and local soil properties. The active layer thickness constitutes the basic geological condition of instability, and its spatial heterogeneity contributes to differential settlement patterns. Freeze-thaw cycles affect the shear strength of soils in the permafrost zone through multiple pathways, and thus trigger the occurrence of thaw slumps. Unlike single sudden landslides in non-permafrost zones, thaw slump is a continuous development process that occurs until the ice content is obviously reduced or disappears in the lower part. This study systematically elucidates the spatiotemporal deformation patterns and driving mechanisms of an active-layer detachment thaw slump by integrating multi-temporal InSAR remote sensing with geological and geotechnical data, offering valuable insights for understanding and monitoring thaw-induced hazards in permafrost regions.

Ongoing climate warming and increased human activities have led to significant permafrost degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Mapping the distribution of active layer thickness (ALT) can provide essential information for understanding this degradation. Over the past decade, InSAR (Interferometric synthetic aperture radar) technology has been utilized to estimate ALT based on remotely-sensed surface deformation information. However, these methods are generally limited by their ability to accurate extract seasonal deformation and model subsurface water content of active layer. In this paper, an ALT inversion method considering both seasonal deformation from InSAR and smoothly multilayer soil moisture from ERA5 is proposed. Firstly, we introduce a ground seasonal deformation extraction model combining RobustSTL and InSAR, and the deformation extraction accuracy by considering the deformation characteristics of permafrost are evaluated, proving the effectiveness of RobustSTL in extracting seasonal deformation of permafrost. Then, using ERA5 soil moisture products, a smoothed multilayer soil moisture model for ALT inversion is established. Finally, integrating the seasonal deformation and multilayer soil moisture, the ALT can be estimated. The proposed model is applied to the Yellow River source region (YRSR) with Sentinel-1A images acquired from 2017 to 2021, and the ALT retrieval accuracy is validated with measured data. Experimental results show that the vertical deformation rate of the study area generally ranges from -30 mm/year to 20 mm/year, with seasonal deformation amplitude ranging from 2 mm to 30 mm. The RobustSTL method has the highest accuracy in extracting seasonal deformation of permafrost, with an RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.69 mm, and is capable of capturing the freeze-thaw characteristics of the active layer. The estimated ALT of the YRSR ranges from 49 cm to 450 cm, with an average value of 145 cm. Compared to the measured data, the proposed method has an average error of 37.5 cm, which represents a 21 % improvement in accuracy over existing methods.

受全球气候变暖影响，青藏高原冻土退化和地表失稳问题不断加剧，对基础设施的建设维护和区域社会经济发展造成阻碍。近年来，SBAS-InSAR技术已在冻土地表形变监测中得到广泛应用，但由于青藏高原部分地区存在较为严重的失相干现象，导致形变监测结果出现空间不连续性，进而无法获得全面且精细的监测结果。针对上述问题，本文提出了一种联合机器学习与SBAS-InSAR的冻土形变监测方法，选取西藏阿里门士乡为研究区域，使用2020年1月7日至2021年6月6日共43景Sentinel-1A降轨影像数据提取地表形变信息；综合多类环境因子数据生成训练集后，引入机器学习模型拟合SBAS-InSAR监测结果与环境因子之间的内在关系，从而获取研究区连续形变速率图。结果表明，联合随机森林模型与SBAS-InSAR的方法效果最优，通过该方法对冻土形变缺失区域进行插值能极大提高原有SBAS-InSAR方法的监测覆盖率，其插值结果平均误差和均方根误差分别为0.459和0.739 mm/a。

受全球气候变暖影响，青藏高原冻土退化和地表失稳问题不断加剧，对基础设施的建设维护和区域社会经济发展造成阻碍。近年来，SBAS-InSAR技术已在冻土地表形变监测中得到广泛应用，但由于青藏高原部分地区存在较为严重的失相干现象，导致形变监测结果出现空间不连续性，进而无法获得全面且精细的监测结果。针对上述问题，本文提出了一种联合机器学习与SBAS-InSAR的冻土形变监测方法，选取西藏阿里门士乡为研究区域，使用2020年1月7日至2021年6月6日共43景Sentinel-1A降轨影像数据提取地表形变信息；综合多类环境因子数据生成训练集后，引入机器学习模型拟合SBAS-InSAR监测结果与环境因子之间的内在关系，从而获取研究区连续形变速率图。结果表明，联合随机森林模型与SBAS-InSAR的方法效果最优，通过该方法对冻土形变缺失区域进行插值能极大提高原有SBAS-InSAR方法的监测覆盖率，其插值结果平均误差和均方根误差分别为0.459和0.739 mm/a。

受全球气候变暖影响，青藏高原冻土退化和地表失稳问题不断加剧，对基础设施的建设维护和区域社会经济发展造成阻碍。近年来，SBAS-InSAR技术已在冻土地表形变监测中得到广泛应用，但由于青藏高原部分地区存在较为严重的失相干现象，导致形变监测结果出现空间不连续性，进而无法获得全面且精细的监测结果。针对上述问题，本文提出了一种联合机器学习与SBAS-InSAR的冻土形变监测方法，选取西藏阿里门士乡为研究区域，使用2020年1月7日至2021年6月6日共43景Sentinel-1A降轨影像数据提取地表形变信息；综合多类环境因子数据生成训练集后，引入机器学习模型拟合SBAS-InSAR监测结果与环境因子之间的内在关系，从而获取研究区连续形变速率图。结果表明，联合随机森林模型与SBAS-InSAR的方法效果最优，通过该方法对冻土形变缺失区域进行插值能极大提高原有SBAS-InSAR方法的监测覆盖率，其插值结果平均误差和均方根误差分别为0.459和0.739 mm/a。

受全球气候变暖影响，青藏高原冻土退化和地表失稳问题不断加剧，对基础设施的建设维护和区域社会经济发展造成阻碍。近年来，SBAS-InSAR技术已在冻土地表形变监测中得到广泛应用，但由于青藏高原部分地区存在较为严重的失相干现象，导致形变监测结果出现空间不连续性，进而无法获得全面且精细的监测结果。针对上述问题，本文提出了一种联合机器学习与SBAS-InSAR的冻土形变监测方法，选取西藏阿里门士乡为研究区域，使用2020年1月7日至2021年6月6日共43景Sentinel-1A降轨影像数据提取地表形变信息；综合多类环境因子数据生成训练集后，引入机器学习模型拟合SBAS-InSAR监测结果与环境因子之间的内在关系，从而获取研究区连续形变速率图。结果表明，联合随机森林模型与SBAS-InSAR的方法效果最优，通过该方法对冻土形变缺失区域进行插值能极大提高原有SBAS-InSAR方法的监测覆盖率，其插值结果平均误差和均方根误差分别为0.459和0.739 mm/a。

受全球气候变暖影响，青藏高原冻土退化和地表失稳问题不断加剧，对基础设施的建设维护和区域社会经济发展造成阻碍。近年来，SBAS-InSAR技术已在冻土地表形变监测中得到广泛应用，但由于青藏高原部分地区存在较为严重的失相干现象，导致形变监测结果出现空间不连续性，进而无法获得全面且精细的监测结果。针对上述问题，本文提出了一种联合机器学习与SBAS-InSAR的冻土形变监测方法，选取西藏阿里门士乡为研究区域，使用2020年1月7日至2021年6月6日共43景Sentinel-1A降轨影像数据提取地表形变信息；综合多类环境因子数据生成训练集后，引入机器学习模型拟合SBAS-InSAR监测结果与环境因子之间的内在关系，从而获取研究区连续形变速率图。结果表明，联合随机森林模型与SBAS-InSAR的方法效果最优，通过该方法对冻土形变缺失区域进行插值能极大提高原有SBAS-InSAR方法的监测覆盖率，其插值结果平均误差和均方根误差分别为0.459和0.739 mm/a。