Freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) influence soil erodibility (K-r) by altering soil properties. In seasonally frozen regions, the coupling mechanisms between FTC and water erosion obscure the roles of FTC in determining soil erosion resistance. This study combined FTC simulation with water erosion tests to investigate the erosion response mechanisms and key drivers for loess with varying textures. The FTC significantly changed the mechanical and physicochemical characteristics of five loess types (P < 0.05), especially reducing shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle, with sandy loam exhibiting more severe deterioration than silt loam. Physicochemical indices showed weaker sensitivity to FTC versus mechanical properties, with coefficients of variation below 5 %. Wuzhong sandy loess retained the highest K-r post-FTC, exceeding that of the others by 1.04 similar to 2.25 times, highlighting the dominant role of texture (21.37 % contribution). Under different initial soil moisture contents (SMC), K-r increased initially and then stabilized with successive FTC, with a threshold effect of FTC on K-r at approximately 10 FTC. Under FTC, the K-r variation rate showed a concave trend with SMC, turning point at 12 % SMC, indicating that SMC regulates freeze-thaw damage. Critical shear stress exhibited an inverse response to FTC compared to K-r, displaying lower sensitivity. The established K-r prediction model achieved high accuracy (R-2 = 0.87, NSE = 0.86), though further validation is required beyond the design conditions. Future research should integrate laboratory and field experiments to expand model applicability. This study lays a theoretical foundation for research on soil erosion dynamics in freeze-thaw-affected areas.

The present paper sets out a comparative analysis of carbon emission and economic benefit of different performance gradients solid waste based solidification material (SSM). The macro properties of SSM were the focus of systematic study, with the aim of gaining deeper insight into the response of the SSM to conditions such as freeze-thaw cycles, seawater erosion, dry-wet cycles and dry shrinkage. In order to facilitate this study, a range of analytical techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The findings indicate that, in comparison with cement, the carbon emissions of SSM (A1) are diminished by 77.7 %, amounting to 190 kg/t, the carbon-performance ratio (24.4 kg/ MPa), the cost-performance ratio (32.1RMB/MPa) and the carbon-cost ratio (0.76kg/RMB) are reduced by 86 %, 56 % and 68 % respectively. SSM demonstrated better performance in terms of freeze-thaw resistance, seawater erosion resistance and dry-wet resistance when compared to cement. The dry shrinkage value of SSM solidified soil was reduced by approximately 35 % at 40 days compared to cement solidified soil, due to compensatory shrinkage and a reduction in pores. In contrast to the relatively minor impact of seawater erosion and the moderate effects of the wet-dry cycle, freeze-thaw cycles have been shown to cause the most severe structural damage to the micro-structure of solidified soil. The conduction of durability tests resulted in increased porosity and the most probable aperture. The increase in pores and micro-structure leads to the attenuation of macroscopic mechanical properties of SSM solidified soil. The engineering application verified that with the content of SSM of 50 kg/m, 4.5 % and 3 %, the strength, bearing capacity and bending value of SSM modified soil were 1.9 MPa, 180 kPa and 158, respectively in deep mixing piles, shallow in-situ solidification, and roadbed modified soil field.

Silt soil is widely distributed in coastal, river, and lacustrine sedimentary zones, characterized by high water content, low bearing capacity, high compressibility, and low permeability, representing a typical bulk solid waste. Studies have shown that cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) can significantly enhance the strength and durability of stabilized silt. However, potential variations due to groundwater fluctuations, long-term loading, or environmental erosion require further validation. This study comprehensively evaluates cement-slag composite stabilized silt as a sustainable subgrade material through integrated laboratory and field investigations. Laboratory tests analyzed unconfined compressive strength (UCS), seawater erosion resistance, and drying shrinkage characteristics. Field validation involved constructing a test with embedded sensors to monitor dynamic responses under 50% overloaded truck traffic (simulating 16-33 months of service) and environmental variations. Results indicate that slag incorporation markedly improved the material's anti-shrinkage performance and short-term erosion resistance. Under coupled heavy traffic loads and natural temperature-humidity fluctuations, the material exhibited standard-compliant dynamic responses, with no observed global damage to the pavement structure or surface fatigue damage under equivalent 16-33-month loading. The research confirms the long-term stability of cement-slag stabilized silt as a subgrade material under complex environmental conditions.

Take the reservoir landslide as an example, in addition to hydrological conditions, creep properties of soils play an important role in explaining the mechanisms behind landslide movement. Although the change of this deformation over time is small, the long-term accumulation will also bring new hidden danger to the safety control of the slope. This paper takes the shallow coarse-grained soils of Qiaotoubei landslide as the research interest, improves the test method for the deficiency of not allowing the lateral deformation of the specimen in the traditional one-dimensional compression creep test, and conducts the compression creep test of coarse-grained soils by using the modified high-pressure consolidation instrument. Based on this test data, the creep property of coarse-grained soils is analyzed and a suitable creep constitutive model is selected, that is generalized Kelvin model. Then, relevant parameters are determined and FLAC3D software is used to simulate the creep deformation of the slope deposits and the stress and deformation of the lattice beams. Finally, the coupling mechanism between coarse-grained soils creep and lattice structure was analyzed based on the comparison of the calculated results with the deformation or damage in the field. Through this study, some targeted suggestions and directions for future research are proposed for the management of reservoir deposit landslides, hoping to contribute to the operational safety of the reservoir.

Cement-stabilized soil in coastal soft soil regions is essential for infrastructure construction. However, under the combined effects of seawater erosion and cyclic loading, cement-stabilized soil often faces issues such as strength degradation, reduced durability, and stiffness softening. To enhance the engineering properties of cement soil, this study utilized nano-Al2O3 as a modifier. The effects of nano-Al2O3 on the dynamic properties of cement soil under various erosion environments were assessed using the GDS dynamic triaxial system. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed to study the microstructural changes in cement-stabilized soil modified with nano-Al2O3 subjected to seawater erosion. The results indicate that nano-Al2O3 significantly improves the resistance of soil to deformation. As the content of nano-Al2O3 increases, the dynamic strain of cement-stabilized soil initially decreases and then increases, while the dynamic shear modulus first increases and then decreases, showing optimal performance at a 0.25% content. Seawater erosion severely weakens the strength and stiffness of cement-stabilized soil; as erosion concentration increases, dynamic strain increases, and dynamic shear modulus decreases. Nano-Al2O3 improves the strength of cement-stabilized soil and mitigates the negative impacts of seawater erosion through pozzolanic reactions and filler effects.

Pisha sandstone is a kind of sandstone which is easy to collapse by water in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia of China, and suffers from hydraulic erosion all the year round. In recent years, some scholars have used microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology to solidify Pisha sandstone to improve the water erosion resistance of Pisha sandstone. However, for the climate environment with low average temperature in Pisha sandstone area, the commonly used Sporosarcina pasteurii are not well adapted. The purpose of this study is to use the indigenous strainsto solidify the loose Pisha sandstone, and to compare the growth adaptability, mechanical properties and water erosion resistance of the solidified layer with Sarcina pasteurii at different temperatures, and to explore the mechanism of different temperatures and strains affecting the microbial solidification of Pisha sandstone from the micro scale. At the same time, a mixed bacterial liquid solidification test was also set up. The results showed that the solidified thickness of indigenous strains was 4.65 % higher than that of Sporosarcina pasteurii, and the thickness and strength of mixed strains were increased by 19.57 % and 36.62 %, respectively. The growth and solidification effect of indigenous strains were less affected by low temperature. Compared with Sporosarcina pasteurii, at low temperature, the bacterial concentration decrease of indigenous strains was reduced by 26.13 %, the thickness loss of solidified layer was reduced by 13.04 %, and the strength loss of solidified layer was reduced by 13.39 %. The effect of low temperature on the growth of bacteria is mainly reflected in affecting the maximum concentration of bacteria and the growth rate. The effect on MICP mainly reflected in affecting the life activities of bacteria and the crystal form and morphology of calcium carbonate. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the MICP technology application of indigenous strains and multistrains in Pisha sandstone area soil reinforcement and solidification slope.

Rammed earth, a commonly used building material in ancient times, differs from natural sedimentary layers in that it is more compact. Buildings constructed from historical rammed earth sites frequently encounter the issue of rainwater erosion. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is commonly applied to sand soil treatment, yet reports on its use for stabilizing rammed earth are scarce. This study focused on the rammed earth of the Shanhaiguan Great Wall and explored the efficacy of MICP in mitigating rain erosion through permeation tests, splash experiments, and scouring trials. The findings indicate that the forms of rain erosion damage under MICP treatment vary across different operational conditions. In laboratory experiments, as the concentration of the cementation solution increases, the amount of calcium carbonate crystals also increases. However, the permeability, splash resistance, and rain erosion resistance initially increase and then decrease. When the cementation solution concentration is 1.0 mol/L, the penetration rate is the highest, lasting 712.55 s. The splash pit rate is the lowest, at only 1.2 mm, and the soil erosion rate is the lowest, at only 4.13%. The rain erosion resistance in the field test exhibit the same trend, and the optimal concentration is 1.2 mol/L. The optimal concentration mechanism involves the aggregation of calcium carbonate crystals at suitable cementation solution concentrations, which begin to fill the soil particle pores, effectively resisting rainwater erosion. At lower concentrations of the cementation solution, calcium carbonate crystals are merely adsorbed by soil particles without blocking the pores. Due to the high compressibility of rammed earth, which results in lower porosity, a higher concentration of the cementation solution leads to rapid pore clogging by excessive calcium carbonate crystals, which accumulate on the surface to form a white crust layer. The MICP technique can effectively alleviate rainwater erosion in rammed earth, and the optimal concentration needs to be tailored to the porosity of the rammed earth. This mechanism was also validated in field scouring experiments on the Shanhaiguan Great Wall's rammed earth.

Assessing the spatial distribution of the erosion process is considered a critical initial step to provide valuable insights to decision-makers for devising an effective erosion mitigation strategy to reduce erosion damages. This research was conducted based on a revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model integrated with the geographic information environment (GIS) within the Wadi El Ghareg watershed located in the Menzel Bourguiba region in northeastern Tunisia to simulate the spatial distribution of erosion across the basin which has been experiencing adverse effects of climate change, characterized by periods of drought and heavy rainfall. The RUSLE incorporates several variables, including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), cover management (C), slope length (LS), and conservation practices (P), serving as key predisposition parameters in this research. For the validation process of the applied model, 200 points were selected to create an inventory map; the points were selected based on satellite images and field surveys. The obtained thematic maps were normalized by fuzzy logic and overlaid using the model equation in the GIS. The results identified the most severely eroded areas requiring immediate erosion control measures. Hence, the results reveal that about 1.71% of the area is covered under severe erosion risk, 0.13% area under high erosion risk, 0.26% area under moderate erosion risk, 0.27% area under low erosion risk, and 97.63% of the area under very low erosion risk. The accuracy of the model was evaluated based on the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and the areas under the curves (AUC). The result showed that this model had an excellent predictive accuracy for soil erosion susceptibility, with AUC values of 0.967. The final produced map will be used as a basis for suggesting a framework that can help make practical policy recommendations to fight against erosion in the context of sustainable management of the watershed.

Soil roadbed along the river suffers from water erosion at the bottom and collapse at the top under flood scouring, which leads to the suspension of upper pavement slab. In order to ensure the safety of soil roadbed along the river, this study explored the development mechanism of soil roadbed damage by flood in actual cases, and proposed the evolution process of instability under roadbed scouring. The stability law of roadbed along the river under flood scouring was analyzed, and the stability safety factor was corrected to analyze the sensitivity of water depth, flow rate, river bending angle and stability safety factor K in working conditions. The sensitivity of width and height of soil roadbed after flood scouring to water depth, flow velocity, river bending angle was investigated. Moreover, numerical simulation was carried out to determine the displacement nephogram and maximum shear stress nephogram of soil roadbed along the river under the conditions of road surface and roadbed load, vehicle loading or constant change of water depth. By comparing the above theories and engineering cases, the water damage mechanism of soil roadbed along the river was further verified.

The Loess Plateau is highly susceptible to gully headward erosion, highlighting the urgent need for soil stabilization. In this study, a series of physical and mechanical properties, water physical properties and microstructure tests were carried out to explore the loess improvement for potential control of headward erosion in loess gullies. Experimental results reveal that the addition of the Consolid System to loess soil leads to an increase in the plastic limit and liquid limit of the soil, while the soil retains its characteristics as a type of low plasticity soil. The dry density of the stabilized loess soil decreases, while the unconfined compressive strength increases. Regarding the water-physical properties, the swelling and shrinkage properties of modified loess soil were significantly improved while the permeability coefficient slightly decrease. Furthermore, the surface energy decreased, resulting in increased water repellency, while the pore volume remains relatively unchanged. A recommended minimum mixing ratio of the Consolid System is 1.5% to resist water erosion. In conclusion, the implementation of the Consolid System not only enhances the strength of loess soil and its water repellency, but also preserves the advantageous water drainage characteristics inherent to loess soil. Consequently, loess soil stabilized by the Consolid System holds promising potential for applications in areas covered with loess soil.