Design/methodology/approach In this study, 6206 full ceramic ball bearings with different cage types were tested using a bearing life tester under dry friction conditions. Thermal characteristics under various working conditions were obtained by varying the load and rotational speed, followed by a comparative analysis. A finite element simulation model was established based on the posttest film formation observed on the bearing raceways. The steady-state temperatures of different bearing components and the contact stress of the balls were determined. Findings Bearings with cages made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filled with carbon fibers (CF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and graphite (PVX) exhibited lower temperature rise and steady-state temperature over the same duration. A series of posttest inspections confirmed the presence of transfer films on the balls and raceways. These transfer films were found to enhance the lubrication performance of the bearing. Simulation results further revealed that the presence of the transfer film significantly reduced the temperatures of the inner and outer raceways as well as the balls and effectively lowered the contact stress on the balls. Originality/value The operational performance of full ceramic ball bearings with different cage types under dry friction conditions was investigated. The friction-reducing and lubricating effects of PEEK and its composites used in the cages of full ceramic ball bearings were clarified.