This paper reports a method of bionic constructing of a "soft-hard-soft" multi-stage structure as a transition layer at the interface of carbon fiber and polytetrafluoroethylene fiber blended fabric (CF/PTFE fabric) self-lubricating composites, which can significantly improve the anti-friction and wear resistance, thermal stability and interfacial adhesion of the composites. The friction tests showed that the CF/PTFE fabric composites with interface enhancement exhibited excellent self-lubricating performance under different loads and linear speeds, in which the wear rate and the coefficient of friction were reduced by approximately 65% and 36%, respectively, compared with pure CF/PTFE composites. Moreover, FIB-TEM results indicated that the tribofilm presented a unique dual-layer structure. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis and peel tests showed that the interfacial reinforced CF/PTFE fabric composites had higher thermal stability and interfacial bonding strength, with a residual mass at 800°C that was 23.8% higher than that of pure CF/PTFE composites. The interfacial peel strength was increased by 53.3%. This study, through multi-level functional design, not only significantly improved the tribological properties of CF/PTFE fabric composites, but also provided a new idea for their application in high-temperature and high-speed friction environments.